IPv4 and IPv6 Summary and Glossary

Chapter Summary

The key information in this chapter is the following:

• You express IPv4 addresses in dotted decimal format. You express IPv4 address prefixes as a dotted decimal form of the starting address with the prefix length indicated by either an integer number or a dotted decimal number, also known as a subnet mask.

• IPv4 uses unicast addresses to deliver a packet from one source to one destination, multicast addresses to deliver a packet from one source to many destinations, and broadcast addresses to deliver a packet from one source to every destination on the subnet.

• For IPv4, you can use public unicast addresses (if assigned by ICANN or an ISP) or private addresses (10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, or 192.168.0.0/16). The TCP/IP components of Windows use APIPA addresses to automatically configure hosts with addresses from the 169.254.0.0/16 address prefix on a single subnet.

• You express IPv6 addresses in colon hexadecimal format, suppressing leading zeros and compressing a single set of contiguous blocks of zeros using double colon notation. You express IPv6 address prefixes as a colon hexadecimal form of the starting address with a prefix length.

• IPv6 uses unicast addresses, multicast addresses, and anycast addresses to deliver a packet from one source to one of many destinations.

• For unicast IPv6 addresses, you can use global addresses (if they are assigned by IANA or an ISP), site-local addresses (FEC0::/10), Local addresses (FC00::/7), or link-local addresses (FE80::/64). Link-local addresses require you to specify a zone ID to identify the link for a destination. Site-local addresses require you to specify a zone ID to identify the site for a destination if you are using multiple sites.

• You typically derive IPv6 interface identifiers from IEEE 802 addresses or IEEE EUI-64 addresses.

• The solicited-node multicast address is a special multicast address used for efficient link-layer address resolution on a subnet.

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Chapter Glossary

address – An identifier that is assigned at the Internet layer to an interface or a set of interfaces and that identifies the source or destination of IP packets.


address class – A predefined grouping of IPv4 addresses used on the Internet. Addresses classes defined networks of specific sizes and determined the range of numbers that can be assigned for the first octet in the IPv4 address. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) has made classful IPv4 addressing obsolete.


address prefix – An address range that is defined by setting high-order fixed bits to defined values and low-order variable bits to 0. Address prefixes are routinely used to express a range of allowable addresses, subnet prefixes assigned to subnets, and routes. In IPv4, you express address prefixes in prefix length or dotted decimal (subnet mask) notation. In IPv6, you express address prefixes in prefix length notation.


anycast address – An address that is assigned from the unicast address space, that identifies multiple interfaces, and that is used to deliver packets from one source to one of many destinations. With the appropriate routing topology, packets addressed to an anycast address are delivered to the nearest interface that has the address assigned.


APIPA – See Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA).


Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) – A feature of the TCP/IP component in Windows Server 2003 and Windows XP. APIPA enables a computer to autoconfigure an IPv4 address and subnet mask from the range 169.254.0.0/16 when the TCP/IP component is configured for automatic configuration and no DHCP server is available.


CIDR – See Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR).


Class A IPv4 address – A unicast IPv4 address that ranges from 1.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254. The first octet indicates the address prefix, and the last three octets indicate the host ID. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) made classful IPv4 addressing obsolete.
Class B IPv4 address – A unicast IPv4 address that ranges from 128.0.0.1 through 191.255.255.254. The first two octets indicate the address prefix, and the last two octets indicate the host ID. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) made classful IPv4 addressing obsolete.
Class C IPv4 address – A unicast IPv4 address that ranges from 192.0.0.1 to 223.255.255.254. The first three octets indicate the address prefix, and the last octet indicates the host ID. Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) made classful IPv4 addressing obsolete.


Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) – A technique for aggregating routes and assigning IPv4 addresses on the modern-day Internet. CIDR expresses address prefixes in the form of an address prefix and a prefix length, rather than in terms of the address classes that CIDR replaces.
colon hexadecimal notation – The notation used to express IPv6 addresses. The 128-bit IPv6 address is divided into eight 16-bit blocks. Each block is expressed as a hexadecimal number, and adjacent blocks are separated by colons. Within each block, leading zeros are suppressed. An example of an IPv6 unicast address in colon hexadecimal notation is 2001:DB8:2A1D:48C:2AA:3CFF:FE21:81F9.
dotted decimal notation – The notation most commonly used to express IPv4 addresses. The 32-bit IPv4 address is divided into four 8-bit blocks. Each block is expressed as a decimal number, and adjacent blocks are separated by periods. An example of an IPv4 unicast address in dotted decimal notation is 131.107.199.45.
double colon – The practice of compressing a single contiguous series of zero blocks of an IPv6 address to “::”. For example, the multicast address FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 is expressed as FF02::2.
EUI – See Extended Unique Identifier.


EUI-64 address – A 64-bit link-layer address that is used as a basis for an IPv6 interface identifier.
Extended Unique Identifier – A link-layer address defined by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).


global unicast address – An IPv6 unicast address that is globally routable and reachable on the IPv6 portion of the Internet. IPv6 global addresses are equivalent to public IPv4 addresses.
IEEE –  Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.
IEEE 802 address – A 48-bit link-layer address defined by the IEEE. Ethernet and Token Ring network adapters use IEEE 802 addresses.


IEEE EUI-64 address – See EUI-64 address.
illegal address – A duplicate address that conflicts with a public IPv4 address that the ICANN has already assigned to another organization.
link-local address – A local-use address with the prefix of FE80::/64 and whose scope is the local link. Nodes use link-local addresses to communicate with neighboring nodes on the same link. Link-local addresses are equivalent to Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) IPv4 addresses.
Local address – An IPv6 address identified by the prefix FC00::/7. The scope of a Local address is an organization. Local addresses are reachable from other sites in an organization, but not from the IPv6 Internet.


loopback address – For IPv4, the address 127.0.0.1. For IPv6, the address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (or ::1). Nodes use the loopback address to send packets to themselves.
multicast address – An address that identifies zero or multiple interfaces and is used to deliver packets from one source to many destinations. With the appropriate multicast routing topology, packets addressed to a multicast address are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address.
prefix length notation – The practice of expressing address prefixes as StartingAddress/PrefixLength, in which PrefixLength is the number of high-order bits in the address that are fixed.
private addresses – IPv4 addresses that organizations use for private intranet addressing within one of the following address prefixes: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, 192.168.0.0/16.
public addresses – IPv4 addresses that are assigned by the ICANN and that are guaranteed to be globally unique and reachable on the IPv4 Internet.


site-local address – A local-use IPv6 address identified by the prefix FEC0::/10. The scope of a site-local address is a site. Site-local addresses are equivalent to the IPv4 private address space. Site-local addresses are not reachable from other sites, and routers must not forward site-local traffic outside the site.
solicited-node multicast address – An IPv6 multicast address that nodes use to resolve addresses. The solicited-node multicast address is constructed from the prefix FF02::1:FF00:0/104 and the last 24 bits of a unicast IPv6 address. The solicited-node multicast address acts as a pseudo-unicast address to efficiently resolve addresses on IPv6 links.


subnet mask – The expression of the length of an address prefix for IPv4 address ranges in dotted decimal notation. For example, the address prefix 131.107.0.0/16 in subnet mask notation is 131.107.0.0, 255.255.0.0.


unicast address – An address that identifies a single interface and is used for delivering packets from one source to a single destination. With the appropriate unicast routing topology, packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface.
unspecified address – For IPv4, the address 0.0.0.0. For IPv6, the address 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 (or ::). The unspecified address indicates the absence of an address.


zone ID – An integer that specifies the zone of the destination for IPv6 traffic.


In the Ping, Tracert, and Pathping commands, the syntax for specifying a zone ID is IPv6Address%ZoneID.


Typically, the ZoneID value for link-local addresses is equal to the interface index. For site-local addresses, ZoneID is equal to the site number.


The ZoneID parameter is not needed when the destination is a global address or a Local address and when multiple sites are not being used.




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What is the Tracert Command?

The tracert command is a Command Prompt command that's used to show several details about the path that a packet takes from the computer or device you're on to whatever destination you specify.
You might also sometimes see the tracert command referred to as the trace route command or traceroute command.




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